Unconventional World Records

The Washington Post reported on 30th October 2007 that Mosul dam, Iraq’s largest dam has been assessed by experts from the US Army Corps of Engineers and other US officials and proclaimed to be the most dangerous dam in the world in a report released recently. It said the dam is unsafe in any definition, could collapse under water pressure and has an unacceptable annual failure probability (situation continually getting worse).

Location map (in this map it’s called Barrage Saddam)

The dam is located in northern Iraq and if the worst happened, would put as many as half a million lives at risk from deluge in the cities of Mosul and Baghdad. The report said Mosul could be under 65 feet of water and parts of Baghdad under 15 feet.

The dam was originally completed in 1984.

There’s a special interest for the US military too - at least an airfield and a military hospital are in the path of the 12 billion cubic feet of water.

Not that they’ve tried to fix the problem before, however a USD27 million dam strengthening project during Saddam’s time was a failure due to incompetence and mismanagement (reportedly the dam was built with gypsum!). The US proposed building a second dam downstream, but was dismissed as unnecessary by top Iraqi officials.

The debate between US and Iraqi officials is taking place behind closed doors because doing so in the open would risk “frightening Iraq citizens”.

Some pictures of the dam:

The spillway

Click here to see more pictures of the dam

The far side of the moon is its hemisphere that is permanently turned away from the Earth. It was first photographed by the Soviet Luna 3 probe at 03:30 UTC on 7th October 1959 at a distance of 63,500 km.

The probe took a total of 29 photos, covering 70% of the far side.

One of them looked like this:

The photographs were of low resolution, still many features of this lunar view can be recognized.

Dark patch at upper right: Mare Moscoviense

Dark areas at below and left of center: Mare Marginus & Mare Smythii.

Small dark circle at lower right: Tsiolkovskiy crater.

Its first first seen via human eyes when the Apollo 8 mission orbited the Moon in 1968.

A more recent picture:

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We all know Neil Armstrong’s first words as he stepped on the moon.

But what about the first words of the first human in space as he entered orbit and definitely the first human to look down on the big blue marble from orbit, Yuri Gagarin (1934-1968)?

I think Yuri deserved all those medals. He is surely one of the bravest people, if not the bravest, who ever lived.

His capsule looked like this:

On 12th April 1961, Gagarin, 27, got on a Vostok 1 rocket and lifted off at 06:07 UTC at Baikonur.

10 minutes later, at 06:17 UTC, the rocket’s final stage shut down. 10 seconds later the spacecraft separates and Vostok 1 reached orbit.

At this point Gagarin reports:

The craft is operating normally. I can see Earth in the view port of the Vzor. Everything is proceeding as planned.

Not as dramatic as Armstrong’s first words?

One orbit, and 1 hour and 48 minutes after lift-off, he landed at 07:55 UTC.

Unfortunately, Gagarin died in 1968 when, during training as a fighter pilot, he and his instructor died in a MiG crash.

From the wikipedia article:

A 1986 inquest suggests that the turbulence from a Su-11 ‘Fishpot-C’ interceptor using its afterburners may have caused Gagarin’s plane to go out of control. Weather conditions were also poor, which may have contributed to the inability of Gagarin and the instructor to correct before they crashed.

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There’s been an amazing array of living things, including animals that have been carried up to space and returned safely to earth.

Probably the first animal ever put on a rocket and fired to space is the fruit fly. These things were launched on a V2 rocket in New Mexico in July 1946. Not quite to orbit, but still “to the edge of space.” The rocket reached an altitude of about 100 miles.

Next up, 2 monkeys creatively named Albert 1 and Albert 2. They are the very first primates ever fired to near space altitudes, in 1949. They did not survive the flight.

Other animals include:

Cats
Mice

Spiders [above: Arabella the garden spider aboard Skylab-3]
Frogs
Fish
Snails
Worms
Bees
Ants

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There had been other animals that were put on rockets and fired skyward, but it was only during the era of the famed Russian dogs that attempts to put animals to orbit were carried out.

Before Belka and Strelka became the first creatures to make it to orbit and back unharmed, 3 dogs went up on rockets and died.

The first one we all know during history / science lessons in secondary school - Laika. This is her in her space capsule:

After the cover is closed, it looks like this:

This is a mock-up of her space capsule:

Laika aka Zhuchka aka Limonchik aka Muttnik is the first living Earth-born creature, other than microbes of course, that was successfully blasted into orbit, and possibly the first living passenger to go into space. She was aboard Sputnik II. The momentous date: 3rd November 1957.

Laika died 5 to 7 hours into her flight from stress and overheating. Her cause of death was not immediately known and decades of speculation followed, until October 2002, when the Russian scientist in charge of the project told all; he also expressed regret for allowing Laika to die.

Laika stamps:

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Dogs Belka and Strelka spent 1 day in space aboard Sputnik 5 on 19th August 1960 before safely returning to Earth. This is about 8 months earlier than the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin who went up in April 1961.

The dogs had other companions too: a grey rabbit, 42 mice, 2 rats, flies and a number of plants and fungi.

The following are pictures of what it was like inside their capsule. The first picture is apparently of Laika, the first earth-born creature in space. Unfortunately s/he did not survive the flight:

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Vanguard I, the 4th artificial satellite, is the oldest one still orbiting the Earth, although it is no longer able to communicate: the last signal was received in May 1964. So it is now considered junk - the oldest piece of space junk still in orbit: has been junk for more than 40 years.

It is rather small: 1.47 kg aluminum sphere, 6 inches in diameter with six short aerials.

It was launched on 17th March 1958. At first it was estimated to be able to stay in orbit for 2,000 years but later this was reduced to only 240 years.

Its battery powered transmitter ran out 3 months after launch, and its solar powered transmitter stopped working 6 years later.

Since it can no longer communicate, it is now optically tracked.

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Dr Sheikh Muszaphar is the 458th human to go to space, and Malaysia is the 38th country to have the honour of having at least one of its citizens up in space, in whatever designation: astronaut, cosmonaut, taikonaut, spationaut, space tourist, spaceflight participant et cetera.

We’re using the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)’s guidelines, who defines “gone into space” as any flight that reaches an altitude of higher than 100 kilometres (62 miles) above the surface of the Earth.

According to this guideline, as of 10th October 2007, there have been 458 human beings from 38 countries who have gone into space. Of this, 454 people have reached Earth orbit or beyond, meaning 4 breached the 100km mark, but did not reach orbit.

Of this total, 47 are women.

14 died during their mission.

A more exclusive club is those who have completely left Earth’s orbit, like those who went on lunar missions: 24 persons. Hence those who merely went to the International Space Station are “still in orbit.”

It is only appropriate that the first humans in space are from the Soviet Union and the US. The first human in space is of course Yuri Gagarin on 12th April 1961 onboard Vostok 1. He must be the bravest human who ever lived. Less than a month later, the US sent its first man into space: Alan Shepard on 5th May 1961 onboard MR-3.

It would be 17 years before a citizen of another country other than the USSR or the USA went to space. That honour goes to Vladimir Remek of Czechoslovakia, who went up on 2nd March 1978 onboard Soyuz 28.

Malaysian is the 13th Asian country (apart from the USSR / Russia) who sent one of its people to space. The first is of course Pham Tuan of Vietnam who went up on 23rd July 1980 aboard another Soyuz.

If you’re surprised to learn that a country considered less developed than Malaysia has sent its man to space earlier than us, take this: Mongolian Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa is the 2nd Asian into space on 22nd March 1981.

As of 10th October 2007, there have been 260 manned spaceflights that breached the 100km mark. The first was Vostok 1 in 1961. Of this total, 8 did NOT reach orbit successfully.

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By “experienced astronaut” I am referring to the number of blastoffs and reentries experienced, not the total time spent in space. Robert “Hoot” Gibson, 61 who spent time in Malaysia in conjunction with the country’s first man in space has been in space 5 times: that’s a lot, but Franklin Ramon Chang-Diaz has been to space even more: 7 times on space shuttle missions. He is tied with Jerry Lynn Ross as the most experienced astronaut ever. In contrast, the most experienced Russian cosmonaut has been to space 6 times.

Chang-Díaz, DSc was born in 1950 and is a Costa Rican-American physicist and former NASA astronaut.

His father is of Chinese-Spanish descent and mother of Spanish descent. Hence he is quarter Chinese.

He was selected as an astronaut in 1980, went to space for the first time in 1986 and last in 2002. He even did 3 spacewalks in his last mission and helped with construction of the International Space Station. He retired from NASA in 2005.

He is one of the first American citizens of Latin American descent to go into space.

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Evolving life forms developed oxyphotosynthesis (the ability to generate oxygen via chemical reactions) about 2.7 billion years ago, and molecular oxygen started to be produced in huge quantities.

Organisms at that time were anaerobic(does not require oxygen for growth).

300 million years later, this surge in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere started to pose problems, because oxygen was toxic to the existing organisms.

This period is called the Oxygen Catastrophe, and also known as Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Revolution or The Great Oxidation.

However, instead of wiping out all forms of life, it enhanced existing life: life was energetically limited until oxygen was easily available. This caused a breakthrough in metabolic evolution: it greatly increased free energy supply to living organisms, hence a truly global environmental impact was felt.